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程鑒基
(廣東省建筑科學(xué)研究院，廣州510500)[摘要] 廣州市地面塌陷頻繁發(fā)生，近20年來呈波浪式上升趨勢，主要分為巖溶地面塌陷和工程地面塌陷兩種。具有點多面廣、災(zāi)害點個體規(guī)模小、穩(wěn)定性差、活動頻繁、危害嚴(yán)重、地質(zhì)災(zāi)害發(fā)育呈明顯的地域性以及季節(jié)性發(fā)育與分布特點。巖溶地面塌陷主要分布在廣花盆地的花都區(qū)、白云區(qū)，工程地面塌陷主要分布在主城區(qū)。地面塌陷形成條件復(fù)雜，是多種因素相互作用的結(jié)果。地層巖性是其形成的內(nèi)在要素，在一定程度上決定著地質(zhì)災(zāi)害的發(fā)育程度與類型。人為因素和強(qiáng)降雨是地面塌陷的主要誘發(fā)因素。巖溶地面塌陷主要是由于過量抽取地下水或礦山疏干排水、地下采空、暴雨激發(fā)所引起；工程地面塌陷主要是人類經(jīng)濟(jì)工程行為所致，主要包括排水疏干與突水（突泥）作用、人工加載、人工振搗、人工振動、人工開挖、基坑、樁基、地表滲水、坑道、過街隧道、地鐵等地下工程結(jié)構(gòu)掘進(jìn)等。對地面塌陷的防治應(yīng)采用點面結(jié)合綜合治理的方法。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 地面塌陷；時空分布；誘發(fā)因素；防治對策
中圖分類號：TU421 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼：A 文章編號：1002-848X(2011) S2-0443-06Preliminary study on characteristics of ground collapse and countermeasures in Guangzhou
Cheng Jianji
( Guangdong Provincial Academy of Building Research, Guangzhou 510500, China)Abstract: Ground collapse frequently occurrs in Guangzhou in the last 20 years, and it is divided into two main types, which are karst collapse and engineering surface collapse. The collapse has characteristics of widely distribution, small-scale, poor stability, activity frequency, serious harm and development of regional and seasonal. Karst ground collapse is mainly distributed in the Huadu and Baiyun District of Guanghua Basin. Engineering surface collapse is mainly distributed in the main urban areas. Ground collapse forms complex conditions, which is the result of the interaction of several factors. Lithology is the intemal of ground collapse, which determines the degree of geological disasters and type of development to some extent. Human factors and heavy rainfall are the main predisposing factor of ground collapse. Karst land collapse is mainly due to excessive pumping of groundwater or mine water drainage, underground nuned, and heavy rains. Engineering ground collapse is mainly caused by human economic behavior works, including dewatering and drainage, manual loading, manual vibrator, artificial vibration, artificial excavation, foundation, pile foundation, surface water seepage, tunnel, subway and underground excavation engineering structures, and so on. In order to prevent and control ground collapse, comprehensive approach should be adopted, combining main points with all aspects.
Keywords: ground collapse; spatial and temporal distribution; predisposing factors; control measures
